Sustainability Research

Sustainability Research and Ecological Approach

Please scroll further below to see more detail about key changes in my daily practice I have made.  Transparency is vital to all projects of sustainability.


Singing, dancing, poetry, object making, painting, printing, spoken word and much more has been at the heart of humanity for a long as we can trace back our existence.  Artists of all genres communicate the inside of the world and with this comes the responsibility to care for that planet we communicate about.  This can pose serious questions, particularly if you are a maker who uses many materials in their practice.  Ensuring the traceability and sustainability of materials used is vital if artists are to ensure that the legacy they leave for this planet is positive and enacted with genuine care for those who will live beyond them.


The research I am undertaking to ensure the traceability and sustainability of the materials I use is ongoing, in line with material science developments and more transparent material data.  It has taken a wholehearted practice and lifestyle change over the last few years to get to where I am now, which is evolving and developing still, to push the boundaries of individual practice sustainability.  To the best of my knowledge, materials I use in my practice are checked through MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets), online research and data analysis.  I have eliminated various elements of the visual arts practices that as of yet do not adhere to the levels of sustainability I am happy with.  I have researched and developed completely new ways of thinking about printmaking that are not only ground-breaking in aesthetic, but highly sustainable and tread lightly upon the planet.  Printmaking, as an industry and within individual practice, has a reputation of being material heavy and chemical heavy, so it is a huge step to be part of the leading lights in developing an ecological approach to print.  I not only practice and develop this daily, but integrate it into my educational practice. 


Expression is the heart of the planet, but it need not be at the cost of it. 


Overview of Practice

Handmade

A key element of the project was to question and understand more about PAPER.  Paper being the main substrate for the majority of printmakers and indeed something we all use, mostly without thinking, on a day to day basis.  Thus, every piece of wall mounted work in the exhibition is printed onto hand made paper, made by myself in our kitchen and garden.  


The research and learning curve of developing this skill set was, and still is huge.  However, with exploration, determination and a love of craft, I managed to generate some wonderful papers, up to 56cm x 70cm big.  Each sheet of paper is made from a base of acid fee scraps foraged across printmaking studio bins, as well as some integration of prepared barks, fibres and roots.

Cotton

The exhibition will consist of prints on paper as well as a huge array of textile based works, from dressing up outfits to huge banners.  Print on textile has a huge history, possibly longer than that of paper in many parts of the world.  I have a love of textile print after working in Rajasthan when I was younger with the woodblock printers and indigo dyers. The banners and textile works in the exhibition are all printed using traditional oil based inks, no modifiers or no plastic based acrylic textile inks.  All threads and fabrics used are 100% cotton, and unless it was a donated bed sheet, they are made from unbleached fabric.  


The textile banners are made to the size of a single bed sheet quilt.  So if anyone wishes to keep warm in winter using one, they are more than welcome.  Art for all settings! 

Wooden

The exhibition is installation based, and the objects are key to the atmosphere and story being told.  Objects are hand made from timber generated through sustainable forestry management at a local woodland.  The timbers used are all solid, no plywood or man made reconstituted woods, to avoid the use of formaldehyde glues and plastics.


The objects are have emerged trough inspiration from our children and watching their interaction with the world.  Collecting acorns, playing with toy boats, the joy of a finger puppet.  Play and playmaking is a wonderful way to express and learn and should never, ever, be devalued.


Each object has a printed element, and these papers or decorative components are all handprinted.  All glue used in the objects is rice or wheat paste, not plastic PVA or similar.

Unique

Traditional printmaking processes are the backbone of the exhibition.  They are appledand utilised for their multi-disciplinary aspects, to tell a story and engage with visitors.  Techniques used include lithino (lithography on lino), lino cut, mono-print, collograph, dry point, ink transfer and hand stamping.  All inks used are oil based, made using a non-toxic pigment and linseed oil binder.  No additives or driers have been used in the inks and all clean up is done with oil, cotton rags and soap solution.

Bike

I work from home in an old two up two down terraced house.  I have access at home to one press, a plan chest and storage.  It is a wonderful space and facilitates much.  I do however require different presses for different purposes and to print large scale works.  I have the amazing opportunity to use the Print Room associated with the wonderful Fine Art department at West Dean College of Arts and Conservation and the facilities of the brilliant Ochre Print Studio in Guildford.  I do not drive.  I train to Guildford and pedal cycle to West Dean (electric thighs, not electric bike).  I have racked up huge mileage cycling for this project and it is awesome to contribute to a shared transport network and a low emission transportation option.

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Detailed Breakdown


Inks

Oil Based Ink

As an artist who utilises traditional printmaking across my practice, ink is a key component to what I make.  I currently use traditional oil based printing ink.  This means that a pigment is ground with a thickened linseed oil binder, known as copperplate oil.  I use oil based inks because they allow for colour richness, multiple disciplines, playfulness with viscosity and texture, stay open (or wet) for a long period and are hugely versatile.  I also firmly believe they are more inert and sustainable for the planet, since the spare ink is not washed down the watercourse, but can be cleaned up with cotton rags and oil.  No solvents needed.  I am currently knee deep in sourcing my own pigments to make my own inks, to furthermore trace the source of each ink so that I am aware of its footprint upon the planet.



Pigment

Oil based printmaking ink is tacky and versatile. In essence, it is composed of a fine pigment ground up with boiled linseed oil of various thicknesses, know as copperplate oil.

When ground with the oil the artist has the opportunity to control the texture and viscosity of the ink to suit different mediums within printmaking. An ink ground for lithography is not the same as one ground for intaglio.

Modern pigments are chemically derived, minerals or earth pigments and not all the pigments are suitable for returning to the earth through biodegrading. I am currently embarking upon sourcing and making my own inks again, tracing each pigments and collecting earths from lands around me, with full land owners permission. 

This way I can ensure the traceability of each and every ink I use, as well as have more input artistically upon how they are made. It is a very exciting journey to be on, and one crucial to a sustainable future of individual scale printmaking.



Foraged Pigments

Many naturally derived pigments are from foraged earths (ochres, soils, clays) or from minerals, stones that have a rich pigment source. With consumption by humans currently so high, we have to be careful to not strip the land of precious resources. If one is to forage for pigments, it should be with the land owners permission, and never ever stripping resources. Only take something that is in abundance, and of that, we should only require a small amount for individual practice. Additionally, what can be found in gardens, building sites, areas of land in which resources are destined for a land fill site or surplus to requirements. 

The land that is left to nature is so in need of our protection, digging up and breaking off allocated paths through protected habitats to claim pigments is not to be encouraged. Source responsibly and embrace world wide pigments which are equally sustainably collected. 

And a key to all of it, or at least how I perceive it, is to not consume beyond our needs. Is it necessary to take the large bag full of soil or would a tablespoon suffice? Greed does the plant very little good.

Embrace colour and the variance the planet offers, and use only what you need and perhaps even give back through positive lifestyle changes in other ways that support the planet.



Substrate

Paper

The substrate is the surface an artist printmaker will print upon, most commonly paper. The paper making industry, commercially, is huge and not entirely very sustainable. The more one delves into it, the more it makes you realise that even the basic print out paper should not be taken for granted, as the resources required to make that smooth, bleached white sheet are huge.

Artists have a major advantage in the ability to be able to select which paper mills and which paper they use. I am excited to support mills which I know make paper by hand, in a more sustainable and ecological fashion. 

For the last year, I have made over 80% of my own paper to print upon. I am pushing to get this figure to 100% so that I can guarantee the fibres I am using and the source of these fibres. It is a huge learning curve to make paper, but one that I am very much enjoying and additionally enjoying the outcome of the product, which I am able to tweak to my own specifications.



Fibres: Recalimed

Paper is made up of a fibres that is puled or beaten with water. This paper pulp is then formed into sheets over a frame which allows the water to drain, leaving the pulp behind in a sheet. The wet paper is pressed of excess water and dried to form a sheet.

The fibre in modern papers contain a lot of cellulose and mis managed forestry tree pulp, which takes a lot of bleaching and water to bring the commercial consumer the desired white smooth sheet. 

I started making my own paper after I realised that all the offcuts from my workshops are beautiful acid free print papers. I trialed pulping all these off cuts together and forming sheets. The results were very successful, and even if following a very simple model of paper making, I was happily producing imperial sized printing paper (56cm x 76cm) by the sheet. This paper was tough, sustained much abuse under a press and printed multiple disciplines successfully. 

Ever since I collect all my offcuts and have a season of paper making to produce my studio stock of imperial paper. I am now even adding size to the paper to improve quality. It has been a huge journey. 

The project has spread in reputation and I now get gifted off cuts from other makers to add to my mixed bag. It is getting everyone thinking!



Fibres: Tree

I make paper also from the fibres of plants and trees. I am very interested in studying and researching an alternative to the famed Japanese kozo fibre, or the inner bark derived from the paper mulberry tree. The paper mulberry tree is indigenous to Asia, where it grows wild and can also be managed as a sustainable coppice. The tree is not indigenous to our land, and I am interested to research into tree barks that might pose an alternative and also be manageable under a coppice rotation. 

The tree bark fibres are an ongoing research project as many of them require retting (rotting) and alkaline boiling with soda ash (a solution lovingly made from the ash of our wood fires) until the fibres soften. They then require stripping, separating, beating and finally mixing to see if they form a cohesive and string sheet. It is a wonderful journey to take with each tree and I have had some hugely promising results thus far, and even printed and exhibited on paper made from 100% tree bark fibres, no extra additives. 

Fibres: Plant

Plant fibres are often used by paper makers as a decorative input into a cotton or even linen pulp base. And indeed they look beautiful.

However, I am interested in delving deep into ancient research about how plant fibres of this land were used to make paper, with no extra additives. My research has come up with many indigenous plants for me to try, and just as with the tree bark, they require specific processing to render a fibre that is useful. 

It is wonderful to work with indigenous plant fibres that are often growing in abundance. Each paper has a specific characteristic and sings with a specific print medium. The traceability of each sheet is so local and so tight, it takes sustainability to a new level of awesome. 

Fabric

As an artists, I print and utilise fabric hugely within my works. 

The fabric I source is lovingly handpicked for its fibres and its levels of degradability. I work a lot with unbleached 100% cotton and 100% wool felt. Both offer me wonderful surfaces and sculptural properties, as well as offer one of the better sustainable fabric choices.

I use my oil based inks to print on the fabric, rather than switching to an acrylic based water version. It offers far more traceability regarding the ink choice.

I endeavour to source second hand fabrics from gifted items or charity shops.  I only buy cotton or wool threads from second hand shops and this offers a unique colour palette, which I find involves many greens and yellows!

Lithino: and ecological approach to lithography

What is it?....

Lithino is a technique that I developed myself in 2021 after getting increasingly frustrated with the chemicals and resources required for traditional lithography. I realised that not everyone can access stones, specific presses or equipment, wishes to use the acids, solvents, plastic sheets or other non-ecological materials that makes the mainstay lithographic methods successful.


Lithino is lithography on the surface of lino. Lino is a completely compostable and biodegradable natural printing matrix and a wonder to me. The technique is now at the stage where I teach it on a regular basis and the simple premise and instructions can be found for all to download to the bottom of this tab.


The process is perfect for unique printing and it is completely ecological. It produces wonderful mark making capabilities and can be combined with lino cut. It can also be printed by hand or by press. In essence, I think it is really exciting. The research is ongoing as the process becomes more stable and more developments emerge.

The Prints

Lithino offers the artist a unique form of expression that takes lino into a whole new realm.


It is fun, direct, expressive and can be monochrome or colour. I incorporate at least one lithino layer into pretty much every work I do on lino.

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The Research and Beyond

The future of lithino is very exciting. The research is ongoing in my practice as I refine the technique and make it more stable.


I am excited to be able to teach it and have several publications documenting the process and its potentials.


As with any printmaking medium, it has its fickle and needs time and love to understand and develop its language to your own. But it is hugely exciting and worthwhile. 

Click here to download the first paper written on lithino, including basic how to instructions.




Studio Changes

No, I do not drive...

I have no driving licence. I can drive, just never got around to the licence. I cycled for a decade in London, I have public transported across many countries and the train and bus are my friends. 

I love to cycle and my teaching is local. I keep it local because this involves less miles travelled if I am to teach beyond cycling or public transport distance. We have amazing technology that allows for non-local teaching, and I embrace this.

When travelling by bike, my luggage goes on the back and I pedal. It is quite, it is peaceful and it allows one to see the world without polluting it. My bike is over a decade old, we maintain it ourselves and it is beautiful. It has no batteries to degrade and gets me places without the car.  I have travelled thousands of miles for teaching on my Condor bike, and many more will come.

I use trains a lot for distances I cannot pedal. I endeavour that all my teaching it within public transport or bike distance. Beyond this and it becomes something that is not local, and another wonderful tutor can take this on for their locality. Lets all work together!



Solvent Free

Using oil based ink used to be a killer for commercial and individual artist printmakers. In the past, the commercial printmaking world had a very low life expectancy, due to the copious use of highly toxic solvents sloshed around with no regard for health and safety. Things have much improved commercially, and individually in personal practice there is no need to use solvents for clean up or thinning.

Oil base dinks can be easily cleaned up with vegetable oil and a cotton rag. Residual oil films can be then removed with a vinegar or soap solution wipe. It is easy and effective. No white spirit, methylated spirits or turpentine.

Gum Arabic

Gum Arabic is used a lot in my practice. I use it in lithography, lithino and in glazes, watercolour making, paste paper making and much more. It is derived from the sap of an Acacia tree that is not indigenous to this land.

I am undergoing continual research to see if I can derive the similar qualities of gum Arabic from saps of trees that are indigenous to this land, from cherry to pines. It is really exciting to gradually eliminate another material from my practice that is shipped in, with packaging, travel costs and commercial quantity of making. If I am able to small batch make just for my needs, then this is a far more manageable, traceable and sustainable approach to a material I use daily.

Rice and Wheat Paste

I now only use rice paste or wheat paste glue in all my sculptural and paper projects. The glue is often made by myself to varying consistencies for different needs, and completely eliminates the need for poly vinyl or plastic based glues that do not naturally degrade. It is a wonderful change I have implemented over the last year.

Printing Plate

The matrix is the surface which receives ink to then take an impression. Over the last two years I have developed and pursued lithino to the state where I teach it and incorporate it into my daily practice. I am also pushing the boundaries of other forms of print matrix and how these can be developed to allow for expression but also a keen sense of sustainability and traceability.

I use traditional oiled card to cut stencils for printing with as opposed to acetate, I use sustainable or homemade varnishes for collograph as opposed to shellac, I am developing my own alternative to plastic coated tetra pak or paper dry point card and I am researching printing with a homemade beeswax recipe as an expressive and completely traceable alternative for relief printing. 

The research and material science investigations are ongoing and exciting. They form part of my education and are continually updated and pushed to allow for individual sot make informed and expressive choices within their own practice.



Editions

I rarely edition work anymore. I produce unique prints, celebrating printmaking for what is, not for a commercial and business gain. Furthermore, editioning is heavy on materials and resources, it often produces spare prints that just sit around. I am keen to eliminate waste from my daily practice and to be a light as possible on material consumption. 



To not edition is an ethical decision.



I will only edition small colouring sheets which are given out to the local community for free. This is my link to political printmakers of old, making works available to the masses for free.

Compost and Repurpose

Anything that can be safely composted without leaching unwanted chemicals or additive into the soil, will be composted. 


I use old prints and oiled momigami papers as fire starters for our wood burning stoves.


Timber offcuts from object making go on the fires and oily rags are dried out and reused until an inch of their existence. Even then, I am looking into the feasibility of composting them.


Tissue paper is reused after the oil based ink is dried upon it and paper scraps made into more paper.






Sustainability Data for A Few Artworks

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